Dec 2, 2024: Our weekly Institutional Insights explores the latest market developments — market performance, industry news, exchange-traded fund (ETF) flows, trending topics, upcoming events and token unlocks — to help you supercharge your crypto trading.

 explores the latest market developments — market performance, industry news, exchange-traded fund (ETF) flows, trending topics, upcoming events and token unlocks — to help you supercharge your crypto trading.

Weekly Highlight — U.S. Economy Growth Driven by Improved Productivity

If U.S. economic growth is strong, why is the Federal Reserve considering interest rate cuts? This question was recently posed to Fed Chair Jerome Powell. Instead of focusing solely on the Fed's actions, we should explore the reasons behind the robust growth, and see how it can be sustained.

Real GDP is expected to exceed pre-pandemic levels for the second consecutive year. Typically, strong growth raises concerns about overheating, but inflation has actually fallen. Recent growth is largely due to increased productivity and a growing workforce, which are not inflationary and can help rebalance supply and demand.

A significant factor behind this success is the rise in labor productivity, averaging 2.3% over the past two years — faster than the four years before the pandemic. This uptick is linked to a surge in new business applications, especially in the tech sector, as the pandemic's economic shifts and relief measures lowered barriers to entrepreneurship, particularly benefiting underrepresented groups.

The boost in productivity also reflects workers moving to roles better suited to their skills, a trend accelerated by the 

. This mobility has been essential for productivity gains, as higher job turnover correlates with increased business dynamism.

However, sustaining higher productivity is a challenge. The Fed must avoid overly restricting the economy, as high interest rates can deter investment in technology. Additionally, a gradual cooling of the labor market, with declining job quits, is concerning.

For policymakers, monitoring labor market dynamics and business formation is crucial. If these indicators decline, productivity and growth could wane. The U.S. economy has made significant progress, and maintaining this momentum is essential.

Weekly Crypto Highlight — Sui Is Poised for Growth

Bybit has released the Sui ecosystem report, with its key takeaways below. (Read the full report 

: Sui has achieved impressive performance, processing over 297,000 transactions per second (TPS) while maintaining low latency. This positions it among the fastest blockchains available.

: In 2024, Sui's market capitalization skyrocketed over 1,000%, reaching $9.5 billion and reflecting strong investor confidence and growing adoption.

: The total value locked (TVL) in Sui’s DeFi ecosystem has surpassed $1.5 billion, ranking it 11th among major blockchain networks and highlighting its rapid growth in 

: The launch of the Grayscale Sui Trust has significantly increased institutional interest, resulting in an 89% price surge for the SUI token in Q3 2024, indicating its appeal to accredited investors.

: Sui is making strides in the gaming sector, introducing the SuiPlay0X1 handheld gaming device and various 

, enhancing user engagement and expanding its ecosystem.

Developed by Mysten Labs, Sui is a Layer 1 

 (PoS) blockchain launched on May 3, 2023. Its object-centric data model allows for parallel transaction processing, enhancing throughput and reducing latency. Its use of the Move programming language ensures resource safety through rigorous bytecode verification, mitigating common blockchain vulnerabilities.

: Partnerships with firms like Copper and Zero Hash strengthen Sui’s infrastructure and credibility in the financial sector, enhancing its offerings in digital asset custody and transaction facilitation.

: Sui’s DeFi sector is thriving, with leading protocols like 

 offering diverse financial services. In gaming, initiatives such as the SuiPlay0X1 device and various web3 projects bolster user engagement.

In summary, Sui is poised for continued growth, driven by technological innovations that are expanding its presence in both DeFi and gaming.

Advanced

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Weekly Institutional Insights: Sui Poised for Growth; U.S. Economy Driven by Productivity Growth

Chill Guy is a viral meme illustration that took social media by storm before a crypto project used the meme to launch a Solana-based token. Learn more here.

What started as a simple illustration of a laid-back dog has become a global meme sensation, with the cartoon character known as Chill Guy dominating both social media trends and cryptocurrency markets. Created by artist Phillip Banks in October 2023, the easygoing canine character sparked a viral movement that has attracted major brands worldwide.

This article follows Chill Guy’s transformation from a social media sensation to a cryptocurrency asset. We'll examine its viral beginnings, community growth, market impact and what potential investors can expect from CHILLGUY in the future.

 is a viral meme illustration by artist Phillip Banks, depicting a laid-back dog in casual clothes whose easygoing attitude took social media by storm before a crypto project used the meme to launch Just a Chill Guy as a Solana-based token.

What Does Just a Chill Guy Aim to Achieve?

The CHILLGUY meme coin aims to spread a "Why worry?" philosophy into cryptocurrency markets by embracing the laid-back, stress-free attitude that made the original meme go viral. The project transforms this easygoing vibe into a community-driven token, where being low-key isn't just a catchphrase — it's a shared mindset among holders.

The CHILLGUY community brings this philosophy to life by sharing endless variations of the CHILLGUY meme across social platforms. Through market swings and viral trends, CHILLGUY keeps his iconic pose: hands in pockets, subtle smirk, perpetually relaxed.

Just a Chill Guy (CHILLGUY) operates as a Solana Program Library (SPL) token on the 

 blockchain, leveraging the network's ultrafast speeds and low costs to ensure smooth trading. The token was created using Pump.fun, a specialized platform that lets users launch Solana-based tokens without any fees, removing traditional barriers to token creation.

CHILLGUY is a community takeover (CTO), meaning it's completely owned and directed by its token holders with no central team in control. This decentralized structure ensures the project stays true to its community-driven nature, its holders collectively guiding its future while embodying the laid-back spirit of the original meme.

The CHILLGUY token launched with a maximum supply of 1 billion tokens, of which 999,965,435 are currently in circulation. This near-complete distribution of tokens to the market supports active trading and community participation.

What makes CHILLGUY's tokenomics particularly notable is its widespread distribution across more than 142,000 unique holders (as of Nov 27, 2024), achieved in just 12 days. This rapid expansion of its holder base demonstrates strong community adoption and aligns with the project's decentralized, community-driven principles.

CHILLGUY has exploded across social media, especially on TikTok, where the meme has amassed hundreds of millions of views. Its laid-back character resonates with users worldwide, inspiring countless creative adaptations.

Major brands worldwide have embraced CHILLGUY in their marketing campaigns. From Sprite Europe to NFL on CBS, the character has resonated across mainstream media, even catching the attention of global figures like El Salvador's president Nayib Bukele.

The “Chill Guy” meme’s influence spans multiple social media platforms, with a growing community of followers: 96.6K on X (

). On the other hand, the meme token itself also has a vast community, with 39.9K on X (

) and an active Telegram channel of over 15,000 members. These numbers reflect the meme's ability to engage audiences across different platforms.

The token's popularity in cryptocurrency markets matches its social media success, with CHILLGUY maintaining a substantial 24-hour trading volume of over $330.03M as of Nov 27, 2024. This high trading activity demonstrates the strong market interest in CHILLGUY beyond its meme status.

Looking to trade Just a Chill Guy tokens? Bybit now offers the CHILLGUY/USDT Spot trading pair and CHILLGUYUSDT Perpetual contract. To get started, you’ll first need to create a Bybit account, then fund it with cryptocurrency and navigate to the 

While CHILLGUY has maintained strong trading volumes and continues gaining mainstream attention through its viral social media presence, investors should carefully weigh its strengths and risk factors before making investment decisions.

With its widespread brand adoption, sustained trading activity and explosive community growth of over 142,000 holders, CHILLGUY demonstrates significant market potential. However, meme coins are inherently volatile. Potential investors should 

 and invest no more than they can afford to lose.

CHILLGUY is the latest viral sensation to harness the power of the attention economy to convert social media momentum into crypto market success. While CHILLGUY has already demonstrated its ability to capture mass appeal, its position as a leading meme token will depend upon how effectively it maintains its cultural relevance and community engagement in this fast-moving market.

Intermediate

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Just a Chill Guy (CHILLGUY): Embracing the Art of Nonchalance

Zircuit (ZRC) combines optimistic and ZK rollups with AI-driven security, offering fast, low-cost Ethereum Layer 2 solutions. 

 network has flourished, mainly due to the ongoing network congestion, high fees and poor scalability of the latter. Many of these platforms use rollup technology, whereby batches of multiple transactions processed off-chain are bundled together and posted in bulk to the underlying Layer 1. Ethereum-linked rollups mainly come in two varieties 

 (ZK). While optimistic rollups boast lower computational overhead, the ZK variety of these networks features a higher degree of security.

Zircuit (ZRC) is a Layer 2 chain that adopts a hybrid approach, combining the elements of optimistic and 

. This lets the platform offer the performance benefits of optimistic technology along with the security of ZK validity proofs. To further enhance overall security, Zircuit uses a unique 

 (AI)–driven system of monitoring for malicious transactions.

 (ZRC) is a hybrid Layer 2 blockchain that combines the features of optimistic and ZK rollups, and uses AI-driven monitoring for potentially harmful transactions. 

 rollup development technology, a popular framework for building optimistic rollup networks. Additionally, it uses zero-knowledge proofs, which lets the platform offer the best of both worlds 

 the performance benefits of optimistic rollups and the security of ZK technology. Zircuit is 

The Zircuit project takes security very seriously, and has introduced a unique system of AI-based protection against malicious transactions at the sequencer node level. The use of ZK proofs and an AI-based protection system make Zircuit one of the most secure platforms in the competitive world of Ethereum Layer 2 chains.

Along with its excellent security benefits, Zircuit also boasts low costs, fast transactions, excellent scalability and 2-second block production intervals. All these features make it an ideal environment for 

 (DApps) in various niches, particularly 

 (DeFi). In fact, the leading protocols within the Zircuit ecosystem are all dedicated to the finance niche, with Zircuit Staking being the largest application by TVL.

With its heavy focus on DeFi, Zircuit aims to become a leading liquidity hub for various token types within the sector, including 

. These assets can be staked through the Zircuit staking program — supported by the platform's Liquidity Hub — to earn staking APRs, airdrop rewards and points based on the Zircuit Point program (covered further in our article).

The platform also operates a secure native bridging solution, 

, to help users transfer assets between its Layer 2 network and Ethereum Layer 1.

The company behind the project, Zircuit Ltd., was founded in 2021 in Canada by Dr. Martin Derka, Jan Gorzny and Angel Xu. Zircuit's testnet was launched in November 2023, but made headlines in April 2024 when the project reported that its 

 (TVL) had soared past $2 billion. While testnet TVLs are more a gauge of future potential for a blockchain than an indicator of its existing worth, the news attracted the attention of industry observers toward the platform. Following its highly publicized testnet success, Zircuit launched the first phase of its mainnet in August 2024. This was followed by the launch of the platform's native token, ZRC, in November 2024.

As a typical rollup, Zircuit uses an off-chain sequencer node to batch and organize Layer 2 transactions for subsequent posting to the underlying Ethereum Layer 1. The batches have ZK validity proofs attached to them to signal to Layer 1 validators that they’re free from fraudulent transactions. Zircuit's architecture also includes prover nodes, whose job is to produce these validity proofs.

However, unlike other rollups using ZK proofs (also known as validity proofs), Zircuit doesn't generate validity proofs for every block of transactions. Instead, some blocks have pre-generated template proofs, while others go through the process of having a dedicated validity proof created for them. After a few blocks featuring validity proofs, there are several more that utilize template proofs. The image below illustrates this approach.

The key reason Zircuit has adopted this form of proof design is that the process of generating ZK proofs is computationally intensive. By using template proofs for some of the blocks in a sequence, Zircuit can reduce the overall computational overhead. However, the project’s team has stated that the template proof model is temporary, and will be phased out in the future. At that stage, the platform will move to generating ZK proofs for each block.

Zircuit features a highly modular design whereby provers — responsible for generating validity proofs on the platform — can easily be plugged into or removed from the network. This modular approach is distinct from the standard ZK rollup design, in which provers are more tightly and less flexibly integrated into the overall architecture.

As noted earlier, Zircuit uses a dedicated sequencer to organize and batch transactions into blocks. The platform also applies AI-driven monitoring at the sequencer level (the Sequencer Level Security, or SLS) to spot and exclude fraudulent transactions before they’re finalized on Layer 2.

When transactions are first posted to Zircuit, they enter the 

 — a temporary area from which the sequencer picks and organizes individual transactions into blocks. The mempool is being monitored at all times, using AI algorithms to identify suspicious transactions. If a transaction in the mempool raises a flag, it's quarantined and assessed for validity before the sequencer can include it in a block. The image below shows how this process works.

One of the distinct features of Zircuit is its hybrid architecture, which combines the properties of optimistic and ZK rollups. At the base level, Zircuit is built using Optimism's Bedrock development framework, a technology popular for optimistic rollup networks. However, the use of ZK proofs — or, to be more precise, a combination of validity proofs and template proofs — ensures that Zircuit enjoys a security level that standard optimistic rollups normally can't match.

The use of AI-based SLS provides robust security to Zircuit, complementing the already highly secure ZK proof system. Very few Layer 2 networks in the industry currently feature anything similar, making the platform a true pioneer of AI use for sequencer-level operations.

Like any rollup based on Optimism Bedrock, Zircuit enjoys EVM compatibility. This allows for smooth interoperability with the underlying Ethereum Layer 1. EVM compatibility also makes it easy for developers familiar with Ethereum’s environment to develop Zircuit-based DApps, or to port existing Ethereum applications to the platform. Developers can take advantage of technologies commonly used for Ethereum (e.g., the Solidity programming language and the Hardhat development framework) to build Zircuit applications and smart contracts.

Zircuit Bridge is a native bridging solution designed to easily transfer tokens between Ethereum and Zircuit. It boasts high security, low transaction fees and fast transfers, and allows users to move a variety of cryptocurrencies between Ethereum and Zircuit, including ETH, 

) and LRTs like Super Symbiotic LRT (weETHs). As of late November 2024, the total number of cryptos supported by the bridge is close to 30.

Zircuit has launched a reward program called Zircuit Points. Users can earn these Points by staking supported assets, and by participating in the Build to Earn initiative (more on this below). Accumulated points will be converted to ZRC tokens in the future. Points also create the opportunity to qualify for token airdrops.

The primary way for most users to earn Zircuit points is via 

. The Zircuit Staking program lets you stake LSTs, LRTs, popular stablecoins, some wrapped tokens and Ether (ETH) to earn points. Using LSTs and LRTs, you can earn yields (along with native Zircuit staking APRs and Points) from the respective staking and restaking platforms that issue these assets.

Zircuit Points earned via staking have different multipliers, depending upon the asset. For example, Ether has a multiplier of 0.5, while LSTs, LRTs and stablecoins have a multiplier of 1. Multipliers for different LST and LRT assets may be subject to change in the future.

Build to Earn is another way to qualify for Zircuit Points. The program allows developers to contribute to the Zircuit ecosystem and earn Points in a number of ways, including:

Launched in November 2024, ZRC is the platform's native cryptocurrency. It's an 

 asset deployed on both Zircuit and Ethereum Layer 1. ZRC is mainly used for reward distributions, and participation in token airdrops for ecosystem DApps. Currently, transaction fees on the network are paid in Ether. It's possible that, in the future, ZRC might be used for some transaction fee payments.

ZRC is also used for rewards under the Gas Rebate program. As users conduct transactions on the platform, they 

. Zircuit’s Gas Rebate program provides rebates to offset some of the incurred fees. The amount of ZRC earned as a rebate is proportional to the amount spent on gas in ETH; the project's documentation states that for each ETH spent on gas, the user earns 125% in ZRC. All kinds of gas fee payments qualify for the rebate, including ordinary asset transfers and transactions involving interaction with Zircuit DApps.

ZRC is a supply-capped token, with a maximum and total supply of 10 billion. The token's supply allocation shares are as follows:

The ZRC token is available on Bybit's Spot market as a swap pair with USDT (

 to grab a share of the 5 million ZRC prize pool. New users who sign up for a Bybit account and complete identity verification can earn ZRC rewards by accumulating a deposit volume of at least 2,000 ZRC, or by depositing 100 USDT and trading 100 USDT worth of ZRC via their first trade with Bybit. 

Meanwhile, existing users can qualify for ZRC rewards by trading at least 500 USDT worth of ZRC on the Bybit Spot market, with the possibility of earning up to 10,000 ZRC based on trading volume. The 

 event will run through Dec 10, 2024, 8:59AM UTC.

Zircuit is among the pioneering Layer 2 platforms to adopt a hybrid design for a rollup network. Thanks to the platform's architecture, users can take advantage of low transaction costs, fast transfers and great scalability while enjoying the benefits of high security delivered by ZK proofs and AI-driven mempool monitoring. AI-based monitoring for fraudulent transactions is a particularly notable feature of the platform and is undoubtedly among the most advanced technologies employed in the blockchain industry.

User security combined with faster and cheaper transactions for the Ethereum network — all in one package — is now feasible, thanks to Zircuit's innovative technology and unique approach!

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What Is Zircuit (ZRC): Where Performance Meets Cutting-Edge Security

Bybit is celebrating its sixth anniversary with the #Super6Bybit event, offering a $1.2 million prize pool and focusing on its bbSOL token.

Daily Top Performer — Virtuals Protocol (VIRTUAL)

On Wednesday, the S&P 500 fell 0.38% as tech stocks dropped and inflation data reinforced a hawkish Fed outlook. Coindesk Indices, an index measuring broader cryptocurrency market performance was down by 0.40%, with Bitcoin and Ether dropping by 1.86% and 1.79%, respectively in the past 24 hours.

Today's top performer is VIRTUAL, which surged 53.6% following the launch of the $MUSIC token by Agentstarter, featuring AI-driven music video capabilities and community-focused tokenomics.

Virtuals Protocol (VIRTUAL), founded in 2021, allows users to invest in and co-own AI-driven virtual assets like companions and influencers. Its model fosters community ownership, transforming AI agents into revenue-generating assets across platforms like Roblox and TikTok. The platform attracts contributors from AI and gaming to drive innovation in virtual economies. 

, using AI to create music videos and offering features like animated videos, voice mimicry, and karaoke tracks. The tokenomics allocate 60% for airdrops, 20% for liquidity, and 10% each for the development team and Virtuals Protocol.

Check Out the Latest Prices, Charts, and Data of 

Bybit is celebrating its sixth anniversary with the 

, offering a $1.2 million prize pool and focusing on its bbSOL token. Launched in September 2024, bbSOL is the first exchange-backed Liquid Staking Token on Solana, providing liquidity and staking rewards. The campaign, running from November 28, 2024, to January 6, 2025, invites participants to build, transform, and supercharge their bbSOL through tasks, leaderboards, and community milestones, increasing rewards. The event combines gaming mechanics, community engagement, and opportunities to win prizes while promoting innovation and growth in the crypto space.

Yesterday, there were no flows in BTC Spot ETFs, including GBTC and non-GBTC categories.

. Stake BNB on Lista's portal to get slisBNB, then deposit it into Astherus to earn airdrop points with multipliers (3X for Lista, 1.15X for Astherus). No lockup is required, and slisBNB is the most efficient option.

Beginner

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Bybit Celebrates 6th Anniversary with $1.2M Prize Pool and bbSOL Supercharging Campaign

Bybit Learn

Blockchain

A Layer 0 blockchain is the underlying infrastructure that helps a blockchain run. It usually doesn't have its own crypto token or complex contracts. Read more.

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 ecosystem incorporates a wide variety of different networks and projects. To make it easier to understand how all these systems work, blockchain experts like to classify blockchain networks into three separate network layers. The majority of blockchains are either Layer 0, 

 networks. Each layer offers blockchain developers a specific set of pros and cons. This guide takes a deep dive into Layer 0 blockchain networks. Keep reading to learn how Layer 0 chains work — and why they're so useful.

A Layer 0 blockchain is the underlying infrastructure that helps a blockchain run. This base-layer blockchain usually doesn't have its own crypto token or complex contracts. Instead, it's a simple set of protocols and data that makes it easy to develop all sorts of compatible Layer 1 blockchains.

You can think of a Layer 0 blockchain layer as being similar to the operating system on which a computer runs. Much like Windows or macOS, it handles basic tasks and creates a structure that other projects can run on. Meanwhile, the Layer 1 implementation layer is like a standard computer program (think of Google Chrome). It has a specific function and a set of tools you can use to complete tasks. Finally, a Layer 2 chain is like a web browser extension. It runs on top of standard systems to provide niche features that specific users prefer.

Layer 0 blockchains are a somewhat new design. Many older blockchain networks simply built Layer 0 protocols into their initial frameworks. However, there are some real benefits to keeping these protocols separate and building an entire network layer just for Layer 0 concepts.

Modern blockchain systems typically operate as closed networks. Since each blockchain network generally doesn’t communicate with another, there's no quick and easy way to transfer data between chains. One of the main perks of a Layer 0 blockchain is that any subsequent layers built on it are 

. Since any chain built on the blockchain layer will share the same basic structure, different chains can easily communicate with each other. 

The infrastructure of a Layer 0 lets various chains run the same types of 

 and send data back and forth. This blockchain interoperability makes it easier for developers to design applications, and it simplifies things for blockchain users.

Another problem that a Layer 0 blockchain can solve is the issue of blockchain scalability. Currently, many of the leading networks struggle to handle large numbers of users. When there are multiple people making transactions, processing times slow and fees tend to rise. Fortunately, the interoperability of Layer 0 chains also leads to some unique scalability solutions. 

Developers who are addressing scalability challenges can create similar chains that run in parallel on top of the Layer 0 network. This allows them to process transactions simultaneously and manage more transactions at once. The ability to use 

 and other scaling solutions on Layer 0 systems ultimately leads to increased transaction throughput and reduced fees.

A Layer 0 blockchain also helps to address issues with development. Designing projects that run on a blockchain network can be tricky, and many developers struggle to find a system that offers the right software development tools. With Layer 0 chains, blockchain development is a lot more convenient. Blockchain developers have a helpful framework, but they aren't constrained by an unwieldy set of rules. Instead, they can easily craft their own personal blockchain layers that address the specific needs of their projects. Layer 0s create a supportive structure so that creativity can flourish.

Every Layer 0 blockchain is a little different. Some may employ different smart contracts or use different 

 to process data. Despite these differences, most chains will still rely on the same basic blockchain concepts. The typical Layer 0 blockchain uses a blend of these mechanisms.

The mainchain in a Layer 0 blockchain is the primary system that connects all other components. It maintains a running record of transactions that’s regularly updated with the information found on other blockchains in the network. The base layer blockchain also operates as a data layer that stores the information other chains need to function.

The sidechains in a Layer 0 ecosystem are usually Layer 1 blockchains. They're independent blockchains with their own validator nodes, smart contracts and users. Each implementation layer follows the structure of the main Layer 0, but they may also incorporate their own applications. Some systems also run an application layer in the form of a sidechain that handles specific games or other apps.

Cross-chain transfer protocols are the bridges that move information back and forth between chains. They securely connect with both sidechains and the mainchain. Additionally, they can transfer both tokens and data, so they allow for all sorts of necessary digital assets to pass back and forth between the various parts of a Layer 0 blockchain.

Layer 0s are sometimes called the hardware infrastructure layer because they often incorporate hardware into their design. In addition to protocols for handling hardware, a Layer 0 hardware infrastructure layer can also include servers, data centers and other types of technology.

Not every system uses a Layer 0 blockchain setup. Though this blockchain layer can be quite useful, it also has some potential downsides. Developers need to consider these pros and cons when deciding whether or not to use a Layer 0 chain.

Following are some of the reasons that people choose Layer 0 blockchains.

Some blockchain developers prefer to skip the Layer 0 blockchain concept because it can lead to the following problems.

To better understand what a Layer 0 blockchain is, it's useful to take a look at some examples. Most Layer 0s are marketed as scaling solutions, but there are also several that appeal to blockchain developers and users of 

Here are some of the most popular types of Layer 0 blockchains currently available.

 is a blockchain ecosystem that markets itself as a scaling solution for developers. It boasts transaction rates as low as 500 milliseconds, and fees of just $0.01 per transaction. 

This Layer 0 blockchain is especially popular with people looking to build commercial applications. Cosmos SDK’s flexible, detailed software development kit has been used by hundreds of companies.

 features an interoperable meta layer that connects to the Cosmos Hub, which then connects to multiple blockchain zones that offer different features to users. To further enhance scalability, Cosmos offers a proof of stake (PoS) consensus mechanism that secures the network without requiring excess computing power.

 is a Layer 0 blockchain designed by Gavin Wood, one of Ethereum’s co-founders. Though the 

 were originally focused on scalable messaging, its Layer 0 blockchain now includes a lot of other features as well. It can easily process 1,000 

 (TPS), and has a user-driven network governance system. Polkadot is one of the most popular Layer 0s, with widespread adoption in the crypto community.

The Polkadot network features a mainchain, called a relay chain, and multiple user-created sidechains. These sidechain blockchain layers offer a few different connectivity and purchasing options. There are permanently-connected parachains, auctioned off to create new blockchain platforms, and there are also parathreads that charge users on a "pay as you go" basis; users can disconnect from Polkadot when the parathreads aren’t in use. Polkadot uses a consensus mechanism called 

 (NPoS) as its consensus protocol to create a secure yet scalable solution.

 markets itself as a Layer 0 blockchain for scalable smart contracts. This system is focused on helping developers build DApps. It uses advanced tooling and offers a lot of helpful configurability options. Avalanche prides itself on being so easy to use that developers can launch a 

 design on its application layer in less than 60 seconds. It's also a highly scalable system that’s capable of confirming thousands of TPS.

 protocol created by a team of crypto enthusiasts and managed by a decentralized network governance system. Its blockchain system uses four different protocols — Slush, Snowflake, Snowball and Avalanche — as its consensus algorithms. They work together to confirm transactions through randomized voting. The framework also includes bridging and database optimization to allow for fast and convenient information transfers.

’s Layer 0 blockchain boasts an impressive transaction speed of 100,000 TPS. It's also an affordable option, since the average transaction fee is $0.0002 or less. This scaling solution supports developers and offers the option to create both fungible and non-fungible tokens on the 

. It also stands out from other scalability solutions because it has security and compliance features that are required to run traditional finance applications on decentralized networks.

Venom Network has a zero-emissions policy, thanks to its efficient PoS consensus mechanism. It achieves even greater transaction throughput with the addition of workchains and sharding. Its Layer 0 blockchain runs multiple Layer 1 

 that can break up into individual shards during times of high network traffic. Users can choose the chain on which they wish to work; some offer additional cost savings, security features or interoperability benefits.

The Layer 0 blockchain is a welcome addition to blockchain technology. By providing an underlying infrastructure for other networks to run on, it provides extra blockchain scalability and interoperability. While it takes a little more time and effort to design, this type of blockchain ecosystem may make it much easier to run large blockchain platforms with numerous DApps.

Layer 0 Blockchain: The Infrastructure Behind Scalable Networks

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